Efficient Hot Metal Desulphurization with Fluid Milled Lime

In the hot metal desulphurization process, Carmeuse offers fluid milled lime or blends to be injected into the hot metal through an immersed lance using an inert carrier gas such as argon or nitrogen. Since desulphurization is a diffusion-controlled reaction and related to the reactive surface area available for reaction, the lime must be as fine as possible and very flowable.

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Application Example

This example shows a few of the ways the Process Metallurgy Module in Thermo-Calc can be used to investigate desulphurization in a ladle furnace during steelmaking.

The ladle furnace (LF) fulfils many purposes in the steelmaking process. Desulphurization, which we will focus on in this example, is merely one of them. Desulphurization is usually performed by transferring sulfur (S) that is dissolved in the liquid metal to a CaO-rich slag phase. For this process to be successful, two conditions need to be fulfilled:

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• The slag must be fully liquid (liquid fraction > 0.9). This is required for kinetic reasons. The slag phase must be fluid so that it can emulsify with the liquid steel and form a large surface area where the reaction between steel and slag can take place.
• The slag must take up a large amount of S from the liquid steel (have a &#;high sulfur capacity&#;) so that a significant amount of sulfur will move from the liquid steel to the slag phase.

The principle of desulphurization is to transfer the sulfur dissolved in the liquid steel to a CaO-rich slag phase. This process is typically carried out in a ladle furnace (LF).

About the Example

The example demonstrates how the Process Metallurgy Module in Thermo-Calc can be used to explore these two conditions for an equilibrium between liquid steel and slag in a ladle furnace, trying to find good slag compositions. We also investigate why excessive slag carry-over from the BOF or EAF is detrimental for desulphurization in the LF and who how slag conditioning with CaC2 as fluxing agent can recover the desulphurizing ability of the slag. 

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